Her 1964 murder spurred initial research into the "bystander effect." Psychologists sought to understand why groups often remain paralyzed instead of aiding those in danger.

This is caused by a diffusion of responsibility. As the number of onlookers grows, individuals feel less personal pressure to act because they assume others will step in.

The original 1964 New York Times article claimed 38 people watched in silence. However, historical records reveal neighbors yelled at the attacker and called the police.

Before the first 911 system was established in 1968, callers had to dial zero for a general operator or find their local police precinct number during an active emergency.